Wondering if cannabis is legal in India in 2025? Is cannabis legal in India? A legitimate question for travelers and the curious. In this article, we will take a look at how Indian laws have evolved regarding cannabis and what this means for you.
Understanding Indian Cannabis Laws in 2025
In 2025, the laws surrounding cannabis in India remain complex and varied across regions. Although the plant has been an integral part of Indian culture for millennia, its recreational use is strictly regulated by law. Illegal possession of cannabis can result in sentences of up to 10 years in prison and fines of up to 100,000 rupees (around 1,200 euros). However, some regions such as Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand are showing signs of easing.
The primary law governing cannabis in India is the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act (NDPS) of 1985. This law prohibits the production, possession, and consumption of narcotic drugs, including cannabis. However, there are exceptions for certain parts of the plant, including the seeds and leaves, which are used in traditional preparations such as bhang. Bhang, a drink made from cannabis leaves, remains legal in several Indian states, reflecting the complexity of the regulations.
In 2025, despite movements toward legalization, recreational cannabis remains illegal at the federal level. However, growing demand for cannabis law reform is pushing authorities to reconsider their position. According to a recent poll, over 65% of the urban population supports decriminalizing personal use. This shift in attitudes is a key factor in the current debate.
The History of Cannabis in India
Cannabis has a long history in India, dating back over 3,000 years. It is mentioned in sacred texts such as the Atharva Veda, where it is described as one of the five sacred plants. Cannabis, or “ganja” in Sanskrit, is deeply rooted in Indian culture, used for its medicinal and spiritual properties. Cannabis in the Himalayan villages has been cultivated for generations, becoming an integral part of rural life.
During the 19th century, under the British Empire, cannabis was largely regulated rather than banned. In 1894, the Indian Hemp Commission concluded that total prohibition was not justified, recognizing the plant's traditional uses. It was only after the adoption of international conventions that India began to restrict cannabis, leading to the passage of the NDPS Act in 1985, bringing the country into line with global drug control policies.
Despite this official ban, the use of cannabis for religious and cultural purposes has persisted. Sadhus, these itinerant holy men, continue to use cannabis for spiritual purposes , perpetuating a millennia-old tradition. Every year, during festivals such as Holi and Maha Shivaratri, the use of bhang is socially accepted, creating a contradictory dynamic between the law and cultural practices.
Medical Cannabis in India
The medical cannabis chapter in India is seeing significant developments in 2025. Although long overlooked, the therapeutic potential of cannabis is beginning to be recognized. The government has allowed limited clinical trials and research on cannabinoids to treat conditions like chronic pain, epilepsy, and cancer. Specialized clinics have sprung up in major cities like Mumbai and Delhi, offering cannabis-based treatments under strict medical supervision.
According to the Ministry of Health, over 100,000 patients have benefited from medical cannabis treatments since 2023. The medical cannabis market in India is estimated to be worth $230 million by 2025, growing at a rate of 20% annually. This rapid expansion reflects the growing interest in alternatives to conventional treatments, as well as the gradual change in legislation.
Despite these advances, access to medical cannabis remains limited due to regulatory constraints. Patients must obtain a special prescription and doctors are still reluctant to prescribe cannabinoids due to lack of training. Nevertheless, patient associations are campaigning for wider access to therapeutic cannabis , highlighting the benefits for the quality of life of patients.
The special case of legalized CBD
Cannabidiol, or CBD , is growing in popularity in India. Unlike THC, CBD has no psychotropic effects and offers interesting therapeutic properties. In 2024, the Indian government decided to legalize CBD derived from industrial hemp, opening the way to a new market. CBD products, such as oils, creams and food supplements, are now available in pharmacies and specialty stores.
The CBD market in India is booming, with an estimated value of $150 million by 2025. More than 500 local companies have started producing and distributing CBD products. This partial legalization is an important step towards a more tolerant policy, allowing consumers to enjoy the health benefits of CBD without breaking the law.
However, there are still some grey areas in the regulations. The THC levels in CBD products are strictly controlled, not to exceed 0.3%. Authorities are closely monitoring this new industry to prevent abuse. Despite this, CBD has emerged as a popular wellness product, used by nearly 5 million Indians by 2025.
Industrial Hemp in India
Industrial hemp, a variety of cannabis containing less than 0.3% THC, is receiving particular attention in India. Used for the production of fibers, textiles, paper, and even construction materials, hemp represents a considerable economic opportunity. In 2022, the government launched a program to encourage hemp cultivation in the hill states, offering subsidies to farmers.
Currently, more than 50,000 hectares are under industrial hemp cultivation in India , generating income for thousands of farmers. The sector directly or indirectly employs nearly 200,000 people, contributing to rural development. Exports of hemp products reached $80 million in 2025, giving India an advantageous position in the global market.
Hemp is considered a sustainable crop, requiring less water and pesticides than cotton. This makes it an attractive eco-friendly alternative for the Indian textile industry. Local governments are also encouraging innovation in the sector, funding research into new applications of hemp, including in biomedicine and bioplastics.
Current attitudes towards cannabis
In 2025, attitudes towards cannabis in India are changing rapidly. Younger generations, in particular, are more open to the idea of legalizing recreational cannabis . The media is playing a significant role in this shift in perception, with reporting highlighting the economic and social benefits of potential legalization. Social media is also amplifying the voices of advocates for reform.
According to a recent study, 45% of Indians aged 18 to 35 support full legalisation of cannabis, while 30% support partial decriminalisation. This trend reflects a growing awareness of the challenges of criminalising cannabis, including prison overcrowding and costs to the justice system. The public debate is fuelled by influential figures, including artists and opinion leaders.
However, there is still a section of the population that opposes legalization, citing moral and health concerns. Anti-drug organizations continue to raise awareness of the risks of cannabis use, highlighting studies on addiction and mental health effects. The government must therefore juggle these divergent opinions to develop a balanced policy.
The Future of Cannabis Legalization in India
Whether India will legalize cannabis in the near future remains an open question. Recent developments, such as the legalization of CBD and the encouragement of hemp cultivation, suggest a shift toward a more liberal approach. Bills are being debated in Parliament to reduce penalties for possession of small amounts of cannabis and to allow medical research.
In 2025, several states are exploring pilot programs to regulate the sale and use of recreational cannabis. If successful, these initiatives could generate significant tax revenues, estimated at more than $500 million annually, that could be invested in education and public health. Experts estimate that legalization could create more than 1 million direct and indirect jobs in India.
The international community is also watching these developments. India could learn from successful legalization models in other countries, such as Canada and Uruguay. However, the process is complex and requires extensive legislative reform, as well as cultural change. The future of cannabis in India will therefore depend on many political, economic and social factors.
Good to know: tips for travelers to India
For travelers to India, it is crucial to know and respect the local drug laws. Despite the cultural presence of cannabis, its possession and use are illegal and severely punished. Foreigners caught violating these laws risk not only criminal penalties, but also complications with their visas and residence permits. It is recommended to check with the embassies or relevant authorities.
It is also important to note that cannabis products sold on the street can be of uncertain quality and potentially dangerous. Travelers should be aware that consuming bhang or other preparations can lead to intense psychotropic effects. To avoid problems, it is best to enjoy the cultural, historical and culinary riches that India has to offer, without violating drug laws.
In 2025, over 1,500 tourists were arrested for cannabis-related offences in India, according to the Ministry of Home Affairs. These figures demonstrate the importance of vigilance and compliance with local laws. Embassies are also reporting an increase in requests for consular assistance related to these offences. Thus, caution is advised for any traveler wishing to avoid unpleasant situations.
